The Construction of Objective Consciousness in Multicultural Society Based on Pesantren

The discourse on multicultural education remains relevant in contemporary societies, particularly in countries with diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The challenges posed by information disruption further emphasize the need to revisit and discuss multicultural education within such contexts. The failure to implement a humanistic religious philosophy exacerbates unity issues within the national framework. This research aims to understand the forms of democratic citizenship in multicultural societies based on pesantren, arising from an objective awareness of diversity. The study adopts a qualitative approach, specifically phenomenology. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data analysis employed Spradpley's techniques, including domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis. The research findings indicate that democratic citizenship in multicultural societies based on pesantren consists of religious awareness of diversity, national awareness of diversity, and moderate religious views. Religious awareness involves intellectual reflections on religious diversity and beliefs. National identity and participation in national life amid diversity refer to the understanding and awareness of individuals or groups regarding diverse social, cultural, and religious aspects. In this context, a moderate approach to religion involves a collective commitment to maintaining a balanced equilibrium. This necessitates every member of society, regardless of ethnic, cultural, religious, or political background, to listen to and learn from each other and develop the skills to manage and resolve their differences.