Studies on the Ecology, Host Interactions, and Management of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink of Horticultural Ecosystem: A Review

Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are significant agricultural pests affecting a wide variety of crops, including cotton, papaya, and ornamental plants. Traditionally, chemical insecticides have been employed for mealybug control, but their overuse has led to issues such as pesticide resistance, environmental contamination, and non-target effects on beneficial organisms. In contrast, biological control methods using natural enemies like parasitoids (Anagyrus loecki, Acerophagus papayae, Aenasius bambawalei) and predators (Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae) have shown promise in reducing mealybug populations while maintaining ecological balance. This review compares the effectiveness of biological control agents with chemical control strategies. Studies have demonstrated the high specificity and eco-friendliness of biological agents, although their effectiveness can vary depending on environmental conditions. Conversely, chemical insecticides offer rapid results but pose significant risks to the environment and biodiversity. The integration of both approaches through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs emerges as a promising strategy for achieving sustainable, long-term control of mealybugs. This review highlights the importance of combining biological control with selective chemical use, offering a comprehensive overview of mealybug management strategies.